On February 24, 2025, the Puntland Defense Forces proudly displayed a sign proclaiming the mountain town of Sheebaab as a “province” under the control of the Islamic State group. This development occurred within Somalia’s autonomous northeastern region of Puntland, highlighting a significant achievement during the ongoing Operation Hilaac—a concerted effort to reclaim territories influenced by the local affiliate of this global terrorist network since its inception in late November 2024.
The successful counteroffensive by Puntland is a remarkable contrast to the challenges faced by the central Somali government in its battle against al-Shabab, a group affiliated with al-Qaida that has waged a prolonged campaign against federal forces for nearly twenty years. With important backing from international allies, Puntland has rallied its security forces to effectively combat the increasing presence of the Islamic State in the region.
Since Somalia’s civil war erupted in the 1980s, various Islamist groups have emerged, responding to widespread dissatisfaction with warlordism and endemic corruption. The rise of al-Shabab, followed by the Islamic State in Somalia, represents a reaction to failed governance and foreign interventions. In 2015, a faction of disillusioned al-Shabab members, led by extremist preacher Abdulqadir Mumin, pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, marking the beginning of an insurgence that actively sought to expand its influence.
Despite the challenges posed by both Islamic State and al-Shabab, Puntland has successfully declared itself an autonomous region since 1998, achieving a level of stability that is oftentimes remarkable given Somalia’s historical context. The region has fostered unity among its diverse communities and has raised security forces that effectively counter external threats.
As part of the fight against the Islamic State, Puntland has established a coalition of different forces, including clan militias and the Puntland Maritime Police Force, famed for its proficiency in counter-terrorism. Significantly, the Puntland Maritime Police Force was initially formed with support from the United Arab Emirates and has since transformed into a highly skilled unit capable of addressing regional security concerns.
Recent international collaboration has propelled Puntland’s counter-terrorism campaigns forward, with U.S. airstrikes targeting significant combatants within the Islamic State network. In addition, the UAE has played a crucial role by conducting airstrikes aimed at diminishing the group’s influence from its military base in the port city of Bosaso.
The ongoing operations have yielded notable results, with regional forces reportedly reclaiming 315 kilometers and eliminating numerous threats. Over 150 Islamic State fighters have been reported killed, illustrating Puntland’s commitment to safeguarding its territory and showcasing a determined resistance to extremism.
Ultimately, Puntland’s experience highlights the potential of local forces to effectively address security threats, emphasizing the importance of self-reliance in combatting radicalization. Though international support remains beneficial, sustainable progress will necessitate a continued and steadfast commitment from Puntland’s own citizens to confront the threats posed by extremist groups, reaffirming their resilience and determination in the face of adversity.
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